Report Calls for Mining Reforms to Protect Communal Land

investigates the impact of surging global demand for lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements across the Kunene Region. Fieldwork from three specific case study sites highlights mounting friction between commercial interests and local communities causing direct land-use conflicts and disrupting black rhino habitats, threatening community-based tourism. Researchers found a recurring pattern of poor community consultation alongside weak environmental enforcement and unmonitored site degradation. To protect communal land rights, civil society groups are calling for stricter enforcement of environmental rehabilitation, broader adoption of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent, and an update to the outdated Minerals Act. 

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